{"id":453,"date":"2009-06-13T14:13:43","date_gmt":"2009-06-13T20:13:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/?p=453"},"modified":"2009-06-13T21:04:57","modified_gmt":"2009-06-14T03:04:57","slug":"bulwarks-and-flux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/2009\/06\/bulwarks-and-flux\/","title":{"rendered":"bulwarks and flux"},"content":{"rendered":"

Louisiana senator Mary Landrieu, returning from a tour of the Netherlands’ coastal armaments, says<\/a> America needs to “rethink its entire approach to low-lying coastal areas and adopt an integrated model of water management like that of the Netherlands.” Here at mammoth, we (of course) think that this is a fantastic idea, and not only because (as Americans) we are intensely jealous of the Delta Works<\/a> and Zuiderzee Works<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Weir Hagestein, near Utrecht [via Flickr user gvbarneveld<\/a>]<\/div>\n

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Much as Landrieu’s enthusiasm for the reconstruction of America’s coastline stems from the catastrophic landfall of Hurricane Katrina, the Dutch system descends from a traumatic national encounter with the sea. The North Sea flood of 1953<\/a> caused severe damage in both England and the Netherlands, killing nearly 2000 in the Netherlands alone as tens of thousands were forced to evacuate their ruined homes. Nearly a tenth of the Netherlands farmland was inundated, while “icy waters turned villages and farm districts into lakes dotted with dead cows”.<\/p>\n

In response, the Dutch devoted themselves<\/a> to the construction of a systematic series of barriers and accomodations that would protect the land and the people: the integration of water management into urban planning, “taking into account parks and other open spaces that could function as safety reservoirs in case of floods”, incorporation of barrier islands and wetlands into the flood management system, and a sprawling system of 8,060 miles of outer-sea dykes, river dykes, and canal walls. The largest component of this system, the Delta Works, is a series of dams, sluices, locks, dikes, and storm surge barriers which required forty-seven years to complete.<\/p>\n

The most recent large-scale additions to the Deltaworks are the giant gates known as the Maeslantkering<\/a>, two arms as long as the Eiffel Tower laid on its side and four times as heavy. They take four hours to move from fully open to fully closed, protecting Rotterdam’s harbor but allowing unimpeded shipping in calm weather.<\/div>\n

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Landrieu explains<\/a> that the Dutch system is superior both in its integration into the landscape — as mentioned above, parks and open spaces serve as flood reservoirs, while the more modern portions of the Dykeworks are designed to allow the mixing of fresh and salt water that sustains fragile estuary habitat — and sheer weight of structure dedicated to firming the line between sea and land. Perhaps this seems slightly paradoxical, as this implies at once acknowledgement of the necessity of accepting the ambiguity of the relationship between land and water at the coast (which is not so much a line as an average drawn from unstable data points) and a far more serious effort at crystallizing that line through the construction of megastructures. But the flexibility to hold these two contradictory stances in tension maybe exactly the flexiblity that the Army Corps of Engineers needs to develop. The Dutch example may even suggest that an architecture of flexible insertions that reprogram the radical flux of natural systems and an architecture of mammoth bulwarks against that radical flux are not wholly incompatible.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the twentieth century Corps of Engineers and James Corner do not present so divergent a set of futures for infrastructure? Could the “integrated model of water management” that Landrieu refers to mean not the merely the adoption of a new paradigm that sees storm and water as a resource (or essential component of the whole), but the integration of that paradigm with the old paradigm of opposition between human and nature, creating a new perspective neither reductive nor naive?<\/p>\n

The Oosterschelde estuary and the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier, which has gates designed to allow the uninterrupted mixing of salt and fresh water during normal conditions.<\/div>\n

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I don’t mean to imply that the Dutch have found the perfect balance between paradigms. The building of the Deltaworks has involved its fair share of missteps, such as the collapse<\/a> of shad populations in the Rhein and the obliteration<\/a> of the shellfish population of the Grevelingen sand flats. But the semi-accidental production of wetland habitat<\/a> in the Oostvaardersplassen<\/a> or the relative stability<\/a> of biological community of the Oosterschelde estuary suggest that, even if there is no static and permanent balance point to be found, infrastructures that would tower over Louisiana’s current defenses may be able to coexist with more flexible flood management strategies. It may even be, as Mary Landrieu suggests, essential that they do.<\/p>\n

[Guardian article on Sen. Landrieu’s visit to the Netherlands via lewism<\/a>]<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Louisiana senator Mary Landrieu, returning from a tour of the Netherlands’ coastal armaments, says America needs to “rethink its entire approach to low-lying coastal areas and adopt an integrated model of water management like that of the Netherlands.” Here at mammoth, we (of course) think that this is a fantastic idea, and not only because […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,3],"tags":[122,118,123,120,121,119],"class_list":["post-453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-infrastructure","category-landscape","tag-coastal-barriers","tag-flood-control","tag-james-corner","tag-louisiana","tag-netherlands","tag-sea"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=453"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/453\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":455,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/453\/revisions\/455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/m.ammoth.us\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}